"In natural photosynthesis, leaves harvest solar energy and carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of molecular products that form biomass," said Christopher Chang, an expert in catalysts for carbon-neutral energy conversions and another leader of the study.
"In our system," Chang explained nike air max 270 uomo scontate , "nanowires harvest solar energy and deliver electrons to bacteria, where carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of a variety of targeted, value-added chemical products."
"Our system represents an emerging alliance between the fields of materials sciences and biology, where opportunities to make new functional devices can mix and match components of each discipline, " said Michelle Chang, an expert in biosynthesis who led the project together with the two other scientists.
The system starts with an "artificial forest" of nanowire heterostructures scarpe nike air max 270 scontate , consisting of silicon and titanium oxide nanowires. "Our artificial forest is similar to the chloroplasts in green plants," Yang said. "When sunlight is absorbed, photo- excited electron hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, which absorb different regions of the solar spectrum. The photo-generated electrons in the silicon will be passed onto bacteria for the CO2 reduction while the photo- generated holes in the titanium oxide split water molecules to make oxygen."
Once the forest of nanowire arrays is established, it is populated with microbial populations that produce enzymes known to selectively catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide. And once the carbon dioxide has been reduced to acetate or some other biosynthetic intermediate, genetically engineered E.coli are used to synthesize targeted chemical products.
A key to the success of the artificial photosynthesis system is the separation of the demanding requirements for light-capture efficiency and catalytic activity that is made possible by the nanowirebacteria hybrid technology. With this approach nike air max 270 scontate , the Berkeley team achieved a solar energy conversion efficiency of up to 0.38-percent for about 200 hours under simulated sunlight, which is about the same as that of a leaf.
"We are currently working on our second generation system which has a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of three-percent," Yang said. "Once we can reach a conversion efficiency of 10- percent in a cost effective manner, the technology should be commercially viable."
"Our system has the potential to fundamentally change the chemical and oil industry in that we can produce chemicals and fuels in a totally renewable way, rather than extracting them from deep below the ground," he said.
(L-R) Britain's opposition Labour Party leader Ed Miliband speaks vendita nike air max 270 flyknit , flanked by Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood, Green Party leader Natalie Bennett, SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon and UKIP leader Nigel Farage during the televised leaders' debate in London, April 16, 2015. REUTERS
A snap opinion poll declared opposition Labour leader Ed Miliband the winner of the final TV debate of a knife-edge British election campaign on Thursday, but Prime Minister David Cameron didn't take part nike air max 270 flyknit italia , making it an oddly unbalanced event.
With Cameron, his main rival, agreeing to only participate in one earlier debate, Miliband took a risk by appearing in Thursday's contest which pitched him against the leaders of four smaller parties before the country's May 7 election.
Miliband's gamble was that the event would be an opportunity to showcase his leadership credentials - which are frequently called into question by Britain's mostly right-leaning press - and to close the gap between his and Cameron's personal ratings.
A Survation poll published after the 90-minute debate suggested his punt may have paid off, with 35 percent of a sample of people who had watched the debate judging Miliband the winner, with Scottish nationalist leader Nicola Sturgeon second on 31 percent.
Some critics said the sample was biased toward Labour supporters.
With most opinion polls showing Cameron's Conservatives neck-and-neck with Labour ahead of what is shaping up to be the closest British election since the 1970s nike air max 270 flyknit saldi , both parties are seeking a game-changing moment.
So far, nothing that has been said or done by any politician has shifted the polls significantly including a 7-way leaders TV debate earlier this month, which did feature Cameron.
While Miliband faced a combined attack from Sturgeon and other left-wing, anti-austerity parties over Labour's plans
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