The utricle is larger than the saccule and Hearing X3 Review has a dual function to transmit sound and vibration. This intricate structure channels bipolar neurons of the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve into the brainstem. The utricle is oblong, transversely compressed and uses a bed of cilia mechano-receptors that are arranged to encode frequency and operate with a polarizing principle to distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head.
The resulting hair cell polarization is excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing), respectively. This electrical impulse signals to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) to regulate equilibrium or continue to perceptually refine the signals in the brain.
The saccule is a bed of sensory cells situated closer to the outer world. The saccule's job is to translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. This organ is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses also travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the brainstem.
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